Historical Portraiture of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ

Throughout history, the description of the Prophet Muhammad, has been conveyed not only through Islamic texts but also through references in earlier scriptures and traditions from other religious communities. The belief in his prophethood was foretold, and some classical scholars and historical narrations suggest that his blessed physique was known among the people of previous scriptures. Some narrations also indicate the fact that the picture of Prophet Muhammad was inherited by a Christian king of the Byzantines. However, it is also a fact that the Holy Prophet never had his image made, nor did he ever allow anyone to create his picture as Islam not only prohibits idol-making and statue-building but also forbids image-making.

Origin of the Portraits

The portraits of the Prophets were believed to be in the ‘Tabut-e-Sakina’ (Arc of the Covenant). Regarding Tabut-e-Sakina, the Holy Quran states:

وَقَالَ لَهُمْ نَبِيُّهُمْ إِنَّ آيَةَ مُلْكِهِ أَنْ يَأْتِيَكُمُ التَّابُوتُ فِيهِ سَكِينَةٌ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ وَبَقِيَّةٌ مِمَّا تَرَكَ آلُ مُوسَى وَآلُ هَارُونَ تَحْمِلُهُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَآيَةً لَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ 228¹

And their Prophet () said to them: ‘The sign of his kingdom (to be Allah’s bestowal) is that a box (tabut), carried by angels, shall come to you from your Lord, containing things for the tranquility of heart (Sakina), and some sacred relics left behind by the children of Musa and Harun (Moses and Aaron). Surely, there is a great sign in it for you if you are believers.’

Regarding the contents of Tabut-e-Sakina, Al-Razi states:

...إن اللّٰه تعالى أنزل على آدم عليه السلام تابوتا فيه صور الأنبياء من أولاده، فتوارثه أولاد آدم إلى أن وصل إلى يعقوب، ثم بقي في أيدي بني إسرائيل... ²

Indeed, Allah the Exalted sent down to Adam () a chest containing the images of the Prophets () from among his descendants. This chest was passed down through the children of Adam () until it reached Jacob (), and then it remained in the hands of the Children of Israel.

Similar accounts are mentioned by Al-Suyuti & Al-Mahalli, Al-Bursevi, ³ Al-Baghawi, ⁴ Al-Wahidi ⁵ and many other scholars as well. Al-Tha’labi adds that it contained the pictures of several Prophets , including Prophet Muhammad . He states:

إن اللّٰه تعالى أنزل تابوتا على آدم فيه صور الأنبياء من أولاده، وفيه بيوت بعدد الأنبياء كلّهم، وآخر البيوت بيت محمّد صلّى اللّٰه عليه وسلّم وصورته موقّرة على صور جميع الأنبياء من ياقوتة حمراء قائم يصلي... ⁶

Indeed, Allah Almighty sent down a box (tabut) to Adam () that contained images of the Prophets () from among his descendants, and within it were compartments corresponding to the number of all the Prophets (). The last compartment was of Muhammad , and his image was held in the highest esteem among the images of all the Prophets (). It was made from a red ruby, and he was depicted standing and praying.

This chest was passed down through the children of Adam until it reached Jacob. After that, it remained in the hands of the Children of Israel until it reached Moses (), who used to place the Torah and some of his belongings in it. ⁷ The evidence alludes to the fact that the portraits of the Prophets were present in Tabut-e-Sakina and were passed down generation after generation until the Tabut was lost. It is also possible that some people had made copies of the portraits which were passed down generations and made their way to the secret treasures of the religious kings of that time.

The Pictures of the Prophets and the King of Rome

When the invitations of Islam were sent to the Kings in the time of Abu Bakr’s reign, one of the invitations was sent to the Christian King of Rome. ⁸ The details of this entire incident is presented by several reliable narrators out of which Dinawari states:

وذكر عن عبد اللّٰه بن الصامت، قال: وجهني ابو بكر الصديق رضى اللّٰه عنه سنه استخلف الى ملك الروم، لادعوه الى الاسلام او آذنه بحرب، قال، فسرت حتى اتيت القسطنطينية، فاذن لنا عظيم الروم، فدخلنا عليه، فجلسنا، ولم نسلم، ثم سالنا عن أشياء من امر الاسلام، ثم صرفنا يومنا ذلك، ثم دعا بنا يوما آخر، ودعا خادما له، فكلمه بشيء، فانطلق، فأتاه بعتيده ، فيها بيوت كثيره، وعلى كل بيت باب صغير، ففتح بابا، فاستخرج خرقه سوداء، فيها صوره بيضاء، كهيئة رجل اجمل ما يكون من الناس وجها، مثل داره القمر ليله البدر، فقال: اتعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا. قال: هذا أبونا آدم ع، ثم رده. وفتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج خرقه سوداء، فيها صوره بيضاء، كهيئة شيخ جميل الوجه، في وجهه تقطيب، كهيئة المحزون المهموم، فقال: اتدرون من هذا؟ قلنا: لا. قال: هذا نوح، ثم فتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج خرقه سوداء، فيها صوره بيضاء على صوره نبينا محمد صلى اللّٰه عليه وآله وسلم، وعلى جميع الأنبياء، فلما نظرنا اليه بكينا، فقال: ما لكم؟ فقلنا: هذه صوره نبينا محمد صلى اللّٰه عليه وآله وسلم، فقال: ابدينكم، انها صورة نبيكم؟ قلنا: نعم، هي صوره نبينا، كانا نراه حيا، فطواها، وردها، وقال: اما انها آخر البيوت الا انى احببت ان اعلم ما عندكم، ثم فتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج منه خرقه سوداء، فيها صوره بيضاء، اجمل ما يكون من الرجال، واشبههم بنبينا محمد صلى اللّٰه عليه وآله وسلم، ثم قال: وهذا ابراهيم، ثم فتح بيتا آخر، فاستخرج صوره رجل آدم، كهيئة المحزون المفكر، ثم قال: هذا موسى بن عمران، ثم فتح بيتا آخر، فاستخرج صوره رجل، له ضفيرتان، كان وجهه داره القمر، ثم قال: وهذا داود، ثم فتح بيتا آخر، فاستخرج صوره رجل جميل على فرس، له جناحان، ثم قال: وهذا سليمان، وهذه الريح تحمله، ثم فتح بيتا آخر، فاستخرج صوره شاب جميل الوجه، في يده عكازه، وعليه مدرعه صوف، ثم قال: وهذا عيسى، روح اللّٰه، وكلمته، ثم قال: ان هذه الصورة وقعت الى الاسكندر، فتوارثها الملوك من بعده حتى افضت الى. ⁹

It is narrated from Abdullah bin Al-Samit, who said: Abu Bakr Al-Siddique () sent me in the year of his caliphate to the King of Rome to invite him to Islam or warn him of war. So, I traveled until I reached Constantinople. The ruler of Rome granted us permission to enter, and we sat before him, without giving the Islamic greeting. He asked us about various matters regarding Islam, then dismissed us for the day. The next day, he summoned us again and called one of his servants, instructing him with something. The servant went away and returned with a chest containing many compartments, each with a small door. He opened one of the doors and took out a black cloth with a white image on it, in the form of a man, the most handsome in appearance, whose face was like the full moon on a night of a full moon. He asked, 'Do you know who is this?' We replied, 'No.' He said, 'This is our father Adam (),' and then he returned it. He opened another door and took out a black cloth with a white image resembling an old man with a beautiful face but furrowed with a frown, as if he were sorrowful and troubled. He asked, 'Do you know who is this?' We said, 'No.' He said, 'This is Noah ().' Then he opened another door and took out a black cloth with a white image resembling our Prophet Muhammad () and all the Prophets (). When we saw it, we wept. He asked, 'Why are you crying?' We said, 'This is the image of our Prophet Muhammad ().' He asked, 'Do you acknowledge that this is the image of your Prophet?' We replied, 'Yes, this is the image of our Prophet (), as though we were seeing him alive.' He then folded it and returned it, saying, 'It is indeed the last of the images, but I wanted to see your reaction.' Then he opened another door and took out a black cloth with a white image, the most handsome of men, and most resembling our Prophet Muhammad (). He said, 'This is Abraham ().' Then he opened another compartment and took out the image of a man, dark-skinned, looking pensive and sorrowful. He said, 'This is Moses (), son of Imran.' Then he opened another door and took out the image of a man with two braids, whose face shone like the full moon. He said, 'This is David ().' Then he opened another door and took out the image of a beautiful man on a horse with two wings. He said, 'This is Solomon (), and these are the winds that carry him.' Then he opened another door and took out the image of a handsome young man holding a staff, dressed in a woolen garment. He said, 'This is Jesus (), the Spirit of God, and His Word.' He then said, 'This image passed to Alexander and was inherited by the kings after him until it finally came to me.'

The above excerpt was from Al-Dinawari’s Al-Akhbar Al-Tiwal, his complete surviving work from approximately 895 C.E., which corresponds to 282 A.H. This work was one of the oldest accounts which has the records of the events which occurred when Abu Bakr () sent an Islamic missionary to the King of Rome. ¹⁰ Al-Asbahani’s account, which came around a hundred and twenty years later, had additional details regarding this event. That account is mentioned as:

…قال: فمكثنا ثلاثا، ثم أرسل إلينا ليلا، فدخلنا عليه، وليس عنده أحد، فاستعادنا كلامنا، فأعدناه عليه، فإذا عنده شبه الربعة العظيمة مذهبة، وإذا فيها أبواب صغار، ففتح منها بابا، فاستخرج منه خرقة حرير سوداء، فيها صورة بيضاء، فإذا رجل طويل أكثر الناس شعرا، فقال: تعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا، قال: هذا آدم، ثم أعاده، وفتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج منه حريرة سوداء، فيها صورة بيضاء، فإذا رجل ضخم الرأس، عظيم، له شعر كشعر القبط، أعظم الناس إليتين، أحمر العينين، فقال: أتعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا، قال: هذا نوح، ثم أعاده، وفتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج منه حريرة سوداء، فيها صورة بيضاء، فإذا رجل أبيض الرأس واللحية، كأنه حي يتبسم، فقال: أتعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا، فقال: هذا إبراهيم، ثم أعاده، وفتح بابا آخر فاستخرج منه حريرة سوداء، فيها صورة بيضاء، قال: قلنا: النبي محمد صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم، قال: هذا واللّٰه محمد رسول اللّٰه، قال: فالله يعلم أنه قام، ثم قعد، ثم قال: آللّٰه بدينكم، إنه نبيكم؟ قلنا: آللّٰه بديننا إنه نبينا، كأنما ننظر إليه حيا، قال: إنما كان آخر الأبواب، ولكني عجلته؛ لأنظر ماذا عندكم، ثم أعاده، وفتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج منه خرقة سوداء، فيها صورة بيضاء، فإذا رجل مقلص الشفتين، غائر العينين، متراكب الأسنان، كث اللحية عابس، فقال: تعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا، قال: هذا موسى، وإلى جنبه رجل يشبهه غير أن في عينيه قبلا، وفي رأسه استدارة، فقال: هذا هارون، ثم رفعها، ثم فتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج منه خرقة سوداء، فيها صورة حمراء، أو بيضاء، وإذا رجل مربوع، فقال: تعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا، قال: هذا داود، ثم أعاده، وفتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج منه حريرة، أو خرقة سوداء، فيها صورة بيضاء، وإذا رجل راكب على فرس طويل الرجلين، قصير الظهر، كل شيء منه جناح تحفه الريح، قال: أتعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا، قال: سليمان، ثم أعاده، وفتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج منه حريرة سوداء، فيها صورة بيضاء، وإذا صورة شاب تعلوه صفرة، صلت الجبين، حسن اللحية، يشبهه كل شيء منه قال: أتعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا، قال: هذا عيسى ابن مريم، ثم أعاده، وأمر بالربعة، فرفعت، فقلنا: هذه صورة نبينا، قد عرفناها، فإنا قد رأيناه فهذه الصور التي لم نرها كيف نعرفها أنها هي؟ فقال: إن آدم عليه السلام سأل ربه أن يريه صورة نبي نبي، فأخرج إليه صورهم في خرق الحرير من الجنة، فأصابها ذو القرنين في خزانة آدم في مغرب الشمس، فلما كان دانيال صورها هذه الصور، فهي بأعيانها، فواللّٰه لو تطيب نفسي في الخروج عن ملكي ما باليت أن أكون عبدا لأشدكم ملكة، ولكن عسى أن تطيب نفسي قال: فأحسن جائزتنا، وأخرجنا. وفي رواية شرحبيل: ففتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج منه حريرة بيضاء، إذا فيها صورة رجل، كأنه صورة آدم سبط ربعة، كأنه غضبان حسن الوجه قال: هل تعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا قال: هذا لوط، ثم أعاده، وفتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج منه حريرة بيضاء، فيها صورة رجل أبيض، مشرب حمرة، أحنى خفيف العارضين، حسن الوجه قال: هل تعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا قال: هذا إسحاق، ثم فتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج منه حريرة بيضاء، فيها صورة تشبه صورة إسحاق، إلا أن على شفته السفلى خالا قال: تعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا قال: هذا يعقوب، ثم فتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج منه حريرة بيضاء، فيها صورة رجل أبيض، حسن الوجه، أقنى الأنف، حسن القامة، يعلو وجهه النور، يعرف في وجهه الخشوع، يضرب إلى الحمرة، فقال: هل تعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا قال: هذا إسماعيل جد نبيكم، ثم فتح بابا آخر، فاستخرج منه حريرة بيضاء، فيها صورة رجل كأنه صورة آدم، كأن وجهه الشمس قال: هل تعرفون هذا؟ قلنا: لا قال: يوسف، ثم ذكر القصة إلى آخرها، وزاد: فلما قدمنا على أبي بكر حدثناه بما رأينا، وما قال لنا، وما أدنانا، فبكى أبو بكر، وقال: مسكين لو أراد اللّٰه به خيرا لفعل، ثم قال: أخبرنا رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم أنهم اليهود يجدون بعث محمد صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم، فقال اللّٰه عز وجل: (يجدونه مكتوبا عندهم في التوراة والإنجيل) ¹¹

He said: "We stayed for three days, and then he sent for us at night. We entered upon him, and no one else was present. He asked us to repeat what we had said, so we repeated it. There was a large box in front of him, decorated with gold, and inside were small doors. He opened one of the doors and took out a black silk cloth with a white image on it. It showed a tall man with more hair than anyone else. He said: 'Do you recognize this?' We said: 'No.' He said: 'This is Adam ().' Then he put it back and opened another door. He took out a black silk cloth with a white image on it, and it showed a man with a large head, great in size, with hair like that of the Copts, the largest of people, and red-eyed. He said: 'Do you recognize this?' We said: 'No.' He said: 'This is Noah ().' Then he put it back and opened another door. He took out a black silk cloth with a white image on it, and there was a man with white hair and beard, smiling as if he were alive. He said: 'Do you recognize this?' We said: 'No.' He said: 'This is Abraham ().' Then he put it back and opened another door. He took out a black silk cloth with a white image on it. We said: 'This is the Prophet Muhammad .' He said: 'By Allah, this is indeed Muhammad (), the Messenger of Allah.' He then stood up, sat down, and said: 'Is it truly your religion that he is your Prophet?' We said: 'By Allah, it is truly our religion that he is our Prophet (), as if we are looking at him alive.' He said: 'It was meant to be the last of the doors, but I hurried to see what you had to say.' Then he put it back and opened another door. He took out a black cloth with a white image on it, showing a man with thin lips, sunken eyes, overlapping teeth, a thick beard, and a frowning expression. He said: 'Do you identify this?' We said: 'No.' He said: 'This is Moses (), and next to him is a man who resembles him but with crossed eyes and a rounded head. This is Aaron ().' Then he put it back and opened another door. He took out a black cloth with a red or white image on it, showing a man of medium stature. He said: recognize?' We said: 'No.' He said: 'This is David ().' Then he put it back and opened another door. He took out a black cloth with a white image on it, showing a man riding a horse, tall in the legs, short in the back, with wings covering him as if the wind surrounded him. He said: 'Do you recognize this?' We said: 'No.' He said: 'This is Solomon ().' Then he put it back and opened another door. He took out a black cloth with a white image on it, showing a young man with a yellowish complexion, a prominent forehead, and a handsome beard. He said: 'Do you recognize this?' We said: 'No.' He said: 'This is Jesus (), the son of Mary ().' Then he put it back and ordered the box to be removed. We said: 'We have seen the image of our Prophet (), whom we know, for we have seen him, but how can we know these images that we have not seen?' He said: 'Adam () asked his Lord to show him the image of every prophet, and Allah showed him their images on silk cloths from Paradise. Dhu al-Qarnayn found them in Adam's () treasure in the far west, and when Daniel () came, he copied these images as they were.' Then he added: 'By Allah, if my soul would allow me to give up my kingdom, I would not mind being the slave of the humblest of you in terms of dominion, but perhaps my soul will become inclined to it.' He gave us a generous reward and let us go."In another narration by Sharhabeel: He opened another door and took out a white silk cloth. On it was the image of a man resembling Adam (), short in stature, with a handsome face, as if he were angry. He said: 'Do you recognize this?' We said: 'No.' He said: 'This is Lot ().' Then he put it back and opened another door. He took out a white silk cloth with the image of a man with white skin, tinged with redness, slightly bent over, with light whiskers and a handsome face. He said: 'Do you know him?' We said: 'No.' He said: 'This is Isaac ().' Then he opened another door and took out a white silk cloth with the image of a man resembling Isaac (), except that he had a mole on his lower lip. He said: 'Do you identify this?' We said: 'No.' He said: 'This is Jacob ().' Then he opened another door and took out a white silk cloth with the image of a man with a handsome face, an aquiline nose, a good stature, whose face radiated light, and whose countenance showed humility, with a reddish hue. He said: 'Do you recognize this?' We said: 'No.' He said: 'This is Ishmael (), the ancestor of your Prophet ().' Then he opened another door and took out a white silk cloth with the image of a man resembling Adam, whose face shone like the sun. He said: 'Do you recognize this?' We said: 'No.' He said: 'This is Joseph ().' Then he narrated the rest of the story. When we returned to Abu Bakr (), we told him what we had seen and what was said to us, and he wept. He said: 'Poor man, if Allah had willed good for him, He would have guided him.' Then he said: 'The Messenger of Allah informed us that the Jews find the coming of Muhammad foretold in their Torah and Gospel,' as Allah Almighty said: (They find him written in the Torah and the Gospel)."

Similar accounts have been narrated by Al-Suyuti, ¹² Al-Husaini ¹³ and Al-Salihi Al-Shami ¹⁴ as well. According to the evidence, it seems that the details of the blessed physique of the Holy Prophet were preserved in pictorial form, and were available with the Christian Kings, even after the disappearance of Tabut-e-Sakina.

Description and Praise of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ by Christian Monks

Mughirah ibn Shu'bah relates that while returning to his homeland, he stayed in the city of Alexandria. He visited all the churches there and continued to seek information about the Holy Prophet from the Coptic and leading Christian scholars. Among them, he met a Coptic scholar named Abu Ghaitham, who was their highest-ranking priest, or pope. He saw that the high-ranking priest was praying better than him. So, he asked him if he knew anything about the final Prophet . He said:

...وهو آخر الأنبياء ليس بينه وبين عيسى نبي قد أمر عيسى باتباعه وهو النبي الأمي العربي أسمه أحمد ليس بالطويل ولا بالقصير في عينيه حمرة وليس بالأبيض ولا بالآدم يعفي شعره ويلبس ما غلظ من الثياب ويجتزي بما لقي من الطعام سيفه على عاتقه ولا يبالي من لاقى يباشر القتال بنفسه ومعه أصحابه يفدونه بأنفسهم هم أشد له حبا من آبائهم وأولادهم من حرم يأتي وإلى حرم يهاجر إلى أرض سباخ ونخل يدين بدين إبراهيم قلت زدني في صفته قال يأتزر على وسطه ويغسل أطرافه ويخص ما لم يخص به الأنبياء قبله كان النبي يبعث إلى قومه ويبعث إلى الناس كافة وجعلت له الأرض مسجدا وطهورا أينما أدركته الصلاة تيمم وصلى وكان من قبله مشددا عليه لا يصلون إلا في الكنائس والبيع قال المغيرة فوعيت ذلك كله من قوله وقول غيره ورجعت فأسلمت. ¹⁵

He is the last of the Prophets (). There is no prophet between him and Jesus (). Jesus () has commanded us to follow him. He is the unlettered Arab prophet. His name is Ahmad (). He is neither too tall nor too short. There is redness in his eyes. He is neither completely white nor dark-skinned. He lets his hair grow long and wears coarse clothing. He is content with whatever food he finds. His sword rests on his shoulder, and he does not hesitate to confront anyone. He personally engages in battle, and his companions sacrifice themselves for him. They love him more than their own parents and children. He will emerge from a sacred place and migrate to another sacred place. He will settle in a land of salt flats and palm trees, and he follows the religion of Abraham ()." I said, 'Tell me more about his characteristics.' He said, 'He ties a waistcloth around his waist and washes his limbs (performs ablution). He has been given distinctions that were not given to the Prophets () before him. Whereas previous Prophets () were sent to their own people, he has been sent to all of mankind. The entire earth has been made a mosque and pure for him, so wherever prayer time comes, he performs tayammum (dry ablution) and prays. The Prophets () before him were restricted in that they could only pray in churches and synagogues.' Mughirah said: 'I memorized all of this from his words and the words of others, and when I returned, I accepted Islam.

These narrations and accounts mentioned above depict the fact that Prophet Muhammad’s blessed physique and his image were known even among earlier religious communities and kings. These references, however, remain historical in nature and are not an Islamic endorsement of creating or venerating images, as the Holy Prophet himself forbade such practices. However, these narrations, including the Byzantine emperor’s possession of portraits of the Prophets , reflect the deep reverence which earlier scriptures and traditions held about Prophet Muhammad . These narrations also offer a unique glimpse into how previous nations viewed him. The possibility that his image was preserved in the form of divine relics, passed down through generations from Adam to Moses , and even held by later rulers like the Byzantine emperor, signifies the long-standing prophecy of his coming. It also highlights the belief that Prophet Muhammad was not only the final prophet, but was also revered throughout history by those who awaited his arrival.

• ¹  Holy Quran, Al-Baqarah (The Cow) 2: 248
• ²  Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar Fakhar Al-Din Al-Razi (1420 A.H.), Mafateeh Al-Ghaib, Dar Ihya Al-Turath Al-Arabi, Beirut, Lebanon, Vol. 6, Pg. 506.
• ³  Abu Al-Fida Ismael Haqqi Al-Bursevi (2013), Rooh Al-Bayan, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah, Beirut, Lebanon, Vol.1, Pg. 390.
• ⁴  Abu Muhammad Al-Husain ibn Masood Al-Baghawi (1997), Tafseer Al-Baghawi, Dar Taibah lil Nashr wal-Tawzi, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Vol. 1, Pg. 298.
• ⁵  Abu Al-Hasan Ali ibn Ahmed Al-Wahidi (1415 A.H.), Al-Wajeez fi Tafseer Kitab Al-Aziz, Dar Al-Qalam, Damascus, Syria, Pg. 179.
• ⁶  Abu Ishaq Ahmed ibn Muhammad Al-Tha’labi (2002), Al-Kashf wal-Bayan ‘An Tafseer Al-Quran, Dar Al-Ihya Al-Turath Al-Arabi, Beirut, Lebanon, Vol. 2, Pg. 212.
• ⁷  Abu Al-Fida Ismael Haqqi Al-Bursevi (2013), Rooh Al-Bayan, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah, Beirut, Lebanon, Vol.1, Pg. 390.
• ⁸  Abu Al-Abbas Ahmed ibn Ali Al-Husaini (1999), Imta’ Al-Asma bima lin Nabi Min Al-Ahwal wal-Amwal wal-Hafadah wal-Mata’a, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah, Beirut, Lebanon, Vol. 3, Pg. 197.
• ⁹  Abu Hanifa Ahmed ibn Dawood Al- Dinawari (1960), Al-Akhbar Al-Tiwal, Eisa Al-Babi Al-Halbi, Cairo, Egypt, Pg. 18-19.
• ¹⁰  Oleg Grabar (2003), The Story of Portraits of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), Studia Islamica, Maisonneuve & Larose, Paris, France, No. 96, Pg. 23-24.
• ¹¹  Abu Nua’ym Ahmed ibn Abdullah Al-Asbahani (2012), Dalail Al-Nabuwah, Maktaba Al-‘Asariyah, Sidon, Lebanon, Pg. 25-27.
• ¹²  Jalal Al-Din Al-Suyuti (2008), Al-Khasais Al-Kubra, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah, Beirut, Lebanon, Vol. 2, Pg. 11-13.
• ¹³  Abu Al-Abbas Ahmed ibn Ali Al-Husaini (1999), Imta’ Al-Asma bima lin Nabi Min Al-Ahwal wal-Amwal wal-Hafadah wal-Mata’a, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah, Beirut, Lebanon, Vol. 3, Pg. 198-200.
• ¹⁴  Muhammad ibn Yusuf Al-Salihi Al-Shami (1993), Subul Al-Huda wal-Rashad fi Seerat Khair Al-‘Ibad, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah, Beirut, Lebanon, Vol. 1, Pg. 136-137.
• ¹⁵  Jalal Al-Din Al-Suyuti (2008), Al-Khasais Al-Kubra, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah, Beirut, Lebanon, Vol. 2, Pg. 20-21.