Military System of Islam

Like the military system of other ancient civilizations, the military system of Islam was developed for the security of the Islamic state. However, its priorities were very different from the priorities of other ancient nations. In other civilizations, armies were developed for the sole purpose of exploiting the poor and weak neighbors by constantly attacking them and plundering their wealth, property, animals, women etc. or to subjugate the people of those localities without any cogent reason. Millions of people were killed, wounded, enslaved and arrested in those wars and the sole reason was to extend the kingdom of a human being.

Military Doctrine

Life of a peasant or lower class was of no value to the military tacticians and rulers of the ancient world. On the contrary, life of a human, whether he was a male/female, peasant or ruler or even a slave, was a prime concern in the military doctrine of Islam. Islam considers the life of a human to be extremely important and deems killing of an innocent single individual akin to killing of humanity. ¹ The sole purpose of developing the Islamic army was to establish the rule of Allah, the true and only God so that humanity could live in peace. As the Holy Quran states:

  وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّى لَا تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌ وَيَكُونَ الدِّينُ كُلُّهُ لِلَّهِ فَإِنِ انْتَهَوْا فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ 39 ²

  And fight them until no mischief remains and the entire religion is only for Allah; then if they desist, Allah sees all what they do.

This is a reiteration of the purpose, for which Muslims are required to wage war. The purpose is two-fold. 1) the purpose is to eradicate 'mischief'. 2) Establishing a state of affairs wherein all obedience is rendered to God alone. This alone is the purpose for which the believers may, rather should, fight and war for any other purpose is deemed unlawful in Islam. ³

This is why the wars which were fought by the Muslim armies were of defensive and strategic nature or for the cause of eradicating Fitnah or ‘mischief’ from this world by establishing the religion of peace worldwide. Moreover, the Muslims were trained and repeatedly reminded to fight only in the way of God and not for material gains or worldly lust. ⁴

Hence the Muslim army was developed for the installation of Shariah and rule of the only true God. No soldier of the Muslim army was allowed to exploit the rights of the opponents and they were bound not to kill the women, children, old men, handicapped, the ill, the insane etc. who could not come out in the battle fields to fight against them. They were also trained not to fight those who were unwilling to fight. Even the houses, gardens, cattle, inn and other places of common benefits were not allowed to be set ablaze or destructed during the wars.

Even when the Muslim armies were assembled for battle, the commanders would try to avoid bloodshed by offering other options. Firstly, they would invite the leaders of other nations to submit to the will of God so that they could live in peace. If the rulers were unwilling to accept that offer, then they were asked to pay Jizya (tax), if they refused that offer as well, then they were told to be ready for war. ⁵ Even in this war scenario, the Muslims practiced great restraint. Prophet Muhammad had taught them specific rules and made it compulsory for them to follow in times of war. They include:

Inform the Enemy before Starting War

The Holy Quran orders Muslims to make a legitimate declaration of war preceding the initiation of military activities. Hence, surprise assaults are deemed unlawful under the Islamic law. Whenever Prophet Muhammad reached to any expedition site at night, he did not attack the enemies till morning. ⁶

Prohibition of Burning

The Muslim army was ordered by Prophet Muhammad to completely abstain from burning the houses, fields and other properties of the enemies even though burning of property, and even humans was a very common practice among the ancient Arabs and other civilizations. Prophet Muhammad categorically stated that no one was allowed to punish other humans with fire except God Almighty. ⁷

Prohibition of Looting and Plundering

The teachings of Islam do not allow its followers to loot or plunder in any circumstance during and after the war. The rules of acquiring ‘ghanimah’ (war booty) are comprehensively mentioned in the books of Islamic Jurisprudence which state that the goods which are left behind by the fleeing enemy need to be brought in front of the leader of the state or the specified authority, who distributes it among the people. In general, Muslims were not even allowed to catch the goat of the enemy. Prophet Muhammad detested the concept of plunder and loot. At one point he said:

  إن ‌النهبة ‌ليست بأحل من الميتة . ⁸

  Looting is no better than (to eat the flesh of) dead.

The Muslim armies were also strictly barred from entering the house of enemies, or touching their women, children in times of war – if these people were not fighting. The Muslims were even stopped to eat the fruit of the trees of their enemies without their permission. If some peoples made a mistake, then they were scolded or punished. ⁹

Prohibition of Mutilation

Prophet Muhammad also forbade his followers from mutilating the dead bodies of the enemy during or after the war. It was a common tradition in ancient civilizations that they would mutilate the dead bodies of their enemies. In this way, they displayed their anger and considered it as a form of revenge. Islam completely prohibited these practices. As Abdullah bin Yazid states:

  ‌نهى ‌النبي ‌صلى ‌الله ‌عليه ‌وسلم ‌عن ‌النهبى ‌والمثلة. ¹⁰

  Prophet Muhammad forbade looting and mutilation

Prohibition of Killing the Prisoners

Islam prohibits its followers to kill the prisoners of war. On the contrary, it teaches its followers to treat the prisoners with Ahsan (sympathetically). Furthermore, it gives specific guidelines through which prisoners could be freed or exchanged. The Muslims treated their prisoners so well that many prisoners of war converted to Islam.

Prohibition of Killing the Diplomats

Islam was the only civilization in world history which prohibited the killing of diplomats in war. Prophet Muhammad clearly preached that the rights of the diplomat needed to be respected. Even when the diplomats of the worst enemies of Islam came, they were respected and never slaughtered. At one point, when Musaylimah Kazzab, the false claimer of prophethood, sent his diplomat to Prophet Muhammad , despite all his bad deeds and nonsense talks, Prophet Muhammad did not kill the diplomat and said:

  لولا أنك رسول لضربت عنقك . ¹¹

  If you were not the diplomat, I would behead you.

Prohibition of Breaking the Contract

Islam never allows its followers to break the promise or contract in any case. The Holy Quran strongly orders for the fulfilment of promises ¹² and binds its followers to be sincere in their commitments. Prophet Muhammad detested against the violators of the covenants and considered it the sign of hypocrisy. ¹³ At one point, Ameer Muawiya planned to attack the Roman Empire just after the completion of contract and started preparing for war before the duration of the contract ended. He was stopped by the companion of Prophet who told him that the Holy Prophet prohibited the breaking of contracts. The Hadith is mentioned as:

  ‌من ‌كان ‌بينه وبين قوم عهد، فلا يحل عقدة، ولا يشدها حتى يمضي أمدها أو ينبذ إليهم على سواء . ¹⁴

  Whoever had between him and the people, the covenant; do not untie the knot nor tighten it until the lapse of its duration, or ostracize them either.

Prohibition of Anarchy

It was one of the common practices of all the civilizations, when their troops used to travel for any of the expeditions, they created anarchy during their travelling which included looting and plundering of a common man. Once, when such a complaint reached Prophet Muhammad , he punished those people by saying that if someone indulges in such actions, then there was no Jihad for him, ¹⁵ i.e. he was suspended.

This announcement is a clear message till the day of Judgement for all the Muslim troops that they are not allowed to plunder a common man, choke the roads and create an unnecessary anarchy while travelling for war. Furthermore, it also barred the Muslims to disturb any human or even an animal. The best example of this is the incident which occurred on the conquest of Makkah. A strong Muslim army consisted of 10,000 soldiers was travelling to conquer Makkah when Prophet Muhammad found a female dog and her puppies on the road. Instead of disturbing the mother dog and her pups, the Holy Prophet ordered Jameel bin Suraqa one of his companions to stand as a guard for them so that they were not trampled by the feet of the troops.

All the given details about the laws of warfare were not only followed at the time of Prophet Muhammad’s life but they were also followed later on by all Caliphs of Khilafat-e-Rashida, as it is clearly mentioned in the teachings of Abu Bakr when he was sending an expedition under the command of Usama bin Zaid . He said:

  يا أيها الناس، قفوا أوصكم بعشر فاحفظوها عني: لا تخونوا ولا تغلوا، ولا تغدروا ولا تمثلوا، ولا تقتلوا طفلا صغيرا، ولا شيخا كبيرا ولا امرأة، ولا تعقروا نخلا ولا تحرقوه، ولا تقطعوا شجرة مثمرة، ولا تذبحوا شاة ولا بقرة ولا بعيرا إلا لمأكلة، وسوف تمرون بأقوام قد فرغوا أنفسهم في الصوامع، فدعوهم ۔ ۔ ۔ ¹⁷

  : O people, that I may give you ten rules for your guidance in the battlefield. Do not commit treachery or deviate from the right path. You must not mutilate dead bodies. Neither kill a child, nor a woman, nor an aged man. Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire, especially those which are fruitful. Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone . . .

This explanation of Abu Bakr and the other mentioned details of Islamic warfare clearly explains the difference of attitude and approach of other civilizations and Islamic civilization towards war and it also explains the concept of Jihad which motivates humankind to fight in the way of God to establish peace, justice, and end oppression and persecution.

Notable Generals

Muslim Generals, especially the ones who belonged to the era of Prophet Muhammad or Khilafat-e-Rashida are known for their chivalry, extraordinary war strategies and kindness during the war. They used to follow the mentioned rules of war during their expeditions and got a great fame due to this attitude in the World history. The list of these generals is so long, but the most notable ones are mentioned below:

Khalid Bin Walid (585–642 A.D.)

Khalid bin Walid also known as Saif Ullah ¹⁸ (Sword of Allah), was one of the two acclaimed Arab generals of the Muslim armed force during the Muslim triumphs of the 7th century. He was renowned for his military achievement, as he commanded the forces of Islam in the time of Prophet Muhammad and of his prompt successors Abu Bakr and Umar bin Al-Khattab . He participated in more than a hundred battles, ¹⁹ but remained undefeated even though most of these wars were fought against enemies which outnumbered the Muslims. These included the super powers of that time such as the armies of the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires. His major successes included the victory at Mauta where he managed to subdue the huge Roman army, Yarmuk where the Romans were decisively defeated, and Ullais where the Persian forces were destroyed. Al-Walid is viewed as one of the best army general to have lived, and even though he fought amongst the most dangerous battles, he could not be martyred, and died a natural death.

Abu Ubaidah Bin Al-Jarrah (583–639 A.D.)

Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah , was one of the great companions of the Prophet Muhammad . Generally known for being one of the ‘Ten Promised Paradise’ i.e. ‘Ashrah Al-Mubashsharah. ²⁰ He remained administrator of a huge segment of the Khilafat-e-Rashida and was in the recommended list of Umar's designated successors to the Caliphate. In the year 624 A.D., Abu Ubaidah fought the Battle of Badr, the first and the most famous war of Muslim History. While fighting in this battle, he noticed his father among the rows of the enemy. He did all whatever he could, to avoid facing his father, but there came a point when both of them stood in front of each other – Abu Ubaidah had no other choice but to defend his life and faith. They exchanged blows, and Abu Ubaidah’s father fell down dead at his son’s feet.

In the year 625 A.D., he participated in the Battle of Uhud and was from one of those people who guarded Prophet Muhammad from the attacks of Quraysh. ²¹ Later on, he served in all the battles alongside Prophet Muhammad , and served as a commander in the battles fought in the regime of Abu Bakr and Umar . In the last moments of his life, he delivered a great sermon which shows the character of a Muslim commander, and makes him distinct from the commanders of other ancient civilizations. He said:

  Let me give you some advice, which will cause you to be on the path of goodness always— Establish Prayer. Fast the month of Ramadan. Give Sadaqah. Perform the Hajj and Umrah. Remain united and support one another. Be sincere to your commanders and do not conceal anything from them. Don't let the world destroy you for even if man were to live a thousand years, he would still end up with this state that you see me in. Peace be upon you and the mercy of God. ²²

He died in the epidemic plague and is buried at Jabiya.

S’ad Bin Abi Waqas (595-674 A.D.)

S’ad bin Abi Waqas was one of the closest companions of Prophet Muhammad who embraced Islam at the age of 17 and became one of the earliest Muslims. He is principally known for his commandership in the Battle of Qadisiya and in the triumph of Persia in 636 A.D. S’ad bin Abi Waqas was the first man who fired the first ever arrow for the cause of Islam in the battle of Badr. ²³ In the battle of Uhud, he was one of the guards of Prophet Muhammad . He performed different duties in the reign of Abu Bakr , Umer , Uthman and passed away in the reign of Ameer Muʿawiyah at the age of 80.

Amr Bin Al-‘As (585–664 A.D.)

Amr bin Al-‘As was a great Muslim general and a prudent politician in Muslim History whose services can never be ignored by any historian. He embraced Islam with Khalid bin Walid and devoted his life for the spread of Prophet Muhammad’s mission. He is known to have been at the battles of Ajnadayn and Yarmouk as well as the siege of Damascus. He was given the glad tiding that he would be able to conquer Egypt. Prophet Muhammad said:

  إنكم ‌ستفتحون ‌مصر، ‌وهي أرض يسمى فيها القيراط، فإذا فتحتموها فأحسنوا إلى أهلها فإن لهم ذمة ورحما. ²⁴

  You will soon conquer Egypt where Al-Qirat is frequently mentioned. So, when you conquer it, treat its inhabitants well.

He participated in several wars for the cause of Islam till the last stage of his life and remained a governor of Egypt in the reign of Ameer Mu’awiyah .

Notable Wars of Muslim History

The wars which were fought for the cause of Islam, were known as Ghazwa (plural. Ghazwat) or Saraya (sing. Sarriyah). Both words pertain to warfare but are different. An expedition in which Prophet Muhammad personally participated is called a ghazwah whereas an expedition which was carried out on the order of the Holy Prophet (in which he did not participate but appointed someone else) is known as sariyyah. According to the narrations of Bukhari and Muslim, Prophet Muhammad attended 19 ghazawat ^{25 26} but Ibn-e-S’ad mentioned 27/28 ghazwat. Out of these, Prophet Muhammad personally fought in 9. On the other hand, 47 saraya were conducted in his lifetime ²⁷ with a minute contradiction of numbers amongst the scholars of Islamic History. This difference occurred because some counted multiple ghazwat in one trip as ‘one’ while others counted them as multiple battles according to the number of places instead of a single trip for e.g. Ghazawat of Waddan and Buwat, they were close to each other and were visited in a single trip ²⁸ so they were taken as ‘one’ single ghazawa by one group of scholars and ‘two’ by others respectively. Likewise, several scholars do not count Conquest of Makkah as a ghazwa because they claimed that no fighting took place in that incident, but others counted it as a proper ghazwa.

Here is a list of Prophet Muhammad’s ghazawat with reference to Subul-ul-Huda wal Rishad which is considered one of the authentic books in this regard otherwise the same list with minute changes as per the given discussion is found in other books of Seerat and History:

1. Ghazwa-e-Waddan (Al-Abwa) (غزوة ودّان) (الأبواء)
2. Ghazwa-e-Buwat (غزوة بواط)
3. Ghazwa-e-Safwan (غزوة سفوان)
4. Ghazwa-e-Al-Ushairah (غزوة العشيرة)
5. Ghazwa-e-Badr (غزوة بدر)
6. Ghazwa-e-Bani Saleem Bil Kidr (غزوة بني سليم بالكدر)
7. Ghazwa-e-Sawiq (غزوة السّويق)
8. Ghazwa-e-Ghatfan (غزوة غطفان)
9. Ghazwa-e-Al-Far’a (غزوة الفرع)
10. Ghazwa-e-Banu Qaynuqa (غزوة بني قينقاع)
11. Ghazwa-e-Uhud (غزوة أحد)
12. Ghazwa-e-Hamra Al-Asad (غزوة حمراء الأسد)
13. Ghazwa-e-Banu Nadir (غزوة بني النّضير)
14. Ghazwa-e-Badr al-Maw'id (غزوة بدر الموعد)
15. Ghazwa-e-Dumat Al-Jandal (غزوة دومة الجندل)
16. Ghazwa-e-Bani Mustaliq (غزوة بني المصطلق)
17. Ghazwa-e-Khandaq (غزوة الخندق)
18. Ghazwa-e-Banu Qurayza (غزوة بني قريظة)
19. Ghazwa-e-Banu Lahya (غزوة بني لحيان)
20. Ghazwa-e-Hudaybiyyah (غزوة الحديبية)
21. Ghazwa-e-Zi Qard (غزوة ذي قرد)
22. Ghazwa-e-Khaybar (غزوة خيبر)
23. Ghazwa-e-Zat Al-Riqa (غزوة ذات الرقاع)
24. Ghazwa-e-Amra Al-Qaza (غزوة عمرة القضاء)
25. Ghazwa-e-Fath-e-Makkah (غزوة فتح مكة)
26. Ghazwa-e-Hunayn (غزوة حنين)
27. Ghazwa-e-Ta'if (غزوة الطّائف)
28. Ghazwa-e-Tabouk (غزوة تبوك) ²⁹

Out of these 28 ghazawat only 9 were fought i.e. Ghazwa-e-Badr, Ghazwa-e-Uhud, Ghazwa-e-Bani Mustaliq, Ghazwa-e-Khandaq, Ghazwa-e-Banu Qurayza, Ghazwa-e-Khaybar, Ghazwa-e-Fath-e-Makkah, Ghazwa-e-Hunayn and Ghazwa-e-Ta'if. ³⁰

Unlike ghazawat, there is a long list found in the books of Islamic history in which different numbers of saraya are given. As it is mentioned above that Ibne S’ad has given the number of 47 for saraya ³¹ in his famous book of Al-Tabqat-ul-Kubra but several other historians and scholars have given the additional names and numbers as per their own finding in the field of history. The conclusion and maximum number of all the mentioned saraya in Islamic books are as follows (which might be different in the eyes of any other scholar as per his view point of looking these expeditions):

1. Expedition of Hamza bin 'Abdul-Muttalib
2. Expedition of Ubaidah bin Al-Harith
3. Al-Kharrar Expedition
4. Nakhla Raid
5. Killing of Asma binte Marwan
6. Killing of Abu Afak
7. Killing of Ka'b bin Al-Ashraf
8. Al-Qarada Raid
9. Expedition of Qatan
10. Expedition of Abdullah bin Unais
11. Expedition of Al-Raji
12. Expedition of Bir Maona
13. Expedition of Al-Muraysi'
14. Expedition of Muhammad bin Maslamah
15. Expedition of Zu-Qarad
16. Expedition of Ukasha bin Al-Mihsan
17. First Raid on Banu Thalabah
18. Second Raid on Banu Thalabah
19. Expedition of Zaid bin Haritha (Al-Jumum)
20. Expedition of Zaid bin Haritha (Al-Is)
21. Third Raid on Banu Thalabah
22. Expedition of Zaid bin Haritha (Hisma)
23. Expedition of Zaid bin Haritha (Wadi al-Qura)
24. Expedition of Abdur Rahman bin Auf
25. Expedition of Fidak
26. Second Expedition of Wadi Al-Qura
27. Expedition of Kurz bin Jabir Al-Fihri
28. Expedition of Abdullah bin Rawaha
29. Expedition of Umar bin Al-Khatab
30. Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq
31. Expedition of Bashir bin S’ad Al-Ansari (Fadak)
32. Expedition of Ghalib bin Abdullah Al-Laithi (Mayfah)
33. Expedition of Bashir bin S’ad Al-Ansari (Yemen)
34. Expedition of Ibne Abi Al-Awja Al-Sulami
35. Expedition of Ghalib bin Abdullah Al-Laithi (Fadak)
36. Expedition of Ghalib bin Abdullah al-Laithi (Al-Kadid)
37. Expedition of Shuja bin Wahb Al-Asadi
38. Expedition of Ka’b bin 'Umair Al-Ghifari
39. Battle of Mu'tah
40. Expedition of Amr bin Al-‘As
41. Expedition of Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah
42. Expedition of Abi Hadrad Al-Aslami
43. Expedition of Abu Qatadah bin Rab'i Al-Ansari (Khadirah)
44. Expedition of Abu Qatadah bin Rab'i Al-Ansari (Batn Edam)
45. Expedition of Khalid bin Al-Walid (Nakhla)
46. Raid of Amr bin Al-‘As
47. Raid of S’ad bin Zaid Al-Ashhali
48. Expedition of Khalid bin Al-Walid (Banu Jadhimah)
49. Expedition of At-Tufail bin 'Amr Ad-Dausi
50. Expedition of Abu Amir Al-Ashari
51. Expedition of Abu Musa Al-Ashari
52. Expedition of Uyainah bin Hisn
53. Expedition of Qutbah bin Amir
54. Expedition of Dahhak Al-Kilabi
55. Expedition of Alqammah bin Mujazziz
56. Expedition of Ali bin Abi Talib (Al-Fuls)
57. Expedition of Ukasha bin Al-Mihsan (Udhrah and Baliy)
58. Expedition of Khalid bin al-Walid (Dumatul Jandal)
59. Expedition of Abu Sufyan bin Harb
60. Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar
61. Expedition of Khalid bin Al-Walid (2nd Dumatul Jandal)
62. Expedition of Surad bin Abdullah
63. Expedition of Khalid bin Al-Walid (Najran)
64. Expedition of Ali bin Abi Talib (Mudhij)
65. Expedition of Ali bin Abi Talib (Hamdan)
66. Demolition of Dhul Khalasa
67. Expedition of Usama bin Zayd

The military teachings of Islam, like its teachings regarding other aspects of life focused only on one thing: establishing freedom, peace and justice by submitting to the will of God, which was not seen in any other military system of the world which mainly focused on capturing other lands for resources or for personal vendettas. It was no wonder that many people accepted Islam after learning about its military aspect only since the military system of other civilization was mostly comprised of bloodshed, genocides, etc. Whereas the military system of Islam gave ethical teachings regarding war, treatment of prisoners & diplomats – things which were unique and alien to the people of the world.

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